# Definition Of Element In Biology

June 22, 2017 by BCNet Staff

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KEY TOPICS

- Elements are the basic building blocks of chemistry and biology.(More…)

POSSIBLY USEFUL

- POSSIBLY USEFUL From this brief description of the fact that carbon, which is an element that is not only present in earth but is also found throughout the cosmos, and that to form all the molecules necessary for life, that is life as we know it, there has to be energy and life, through its evolution, has utilized two sources of energy, which is sunlight as well as geochemical energy, and every biochemical reaction occurs in water in the liquid phase.(More…)

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KEY TOPICS
Elements are the basic building blocks of chemistry and biology. [1] Definition: Each vertical column of elements in the Periodic Table is known as a group. [1] Definition: Each horizontal row of elements in the Periodic Table is known as a period. [1]

Life does not necessarily have to have a planet in orbit around a star, and if we broaden our definition of habitable zones, then a moon in orbit around a jovian planet could do just nicely, provided there are the right chemical elements, a solvent for biochemical reactions, and a constant energy source. [1]

Notice that the description in biology nicely fits with the one definition of life that I’m describing and you can then sense the connection between information and biology. [1] This concept was based on sexual reproduction and although Darwin placed emphasis on reproduction as the source of variation, he was ignorant of the fine details of cellular reproduction, mainly meiosis and wasn’t until genetics was expanded on the cellular level together with field observations of various species of animals and plants that the biological species concepts matured into a form that is part of the definition of species as found in biology textbooks. [1] Definition Molecular Biology is the field of biology that studies the composition, structure and interactions of cellular molecules such as nucleic acids and proteins that carry out the biological processes essential for the cells functions and maintenance. [1] This concept became so important that it has achieved status in many biology textbooks afterwards but as studies of how organisms reproduce, whether animals, plants, and microbes, it became clear that even that definition had its limits. [1] If you have read one of my blogs where I give a definition of genotype and phenotype or if you have decided to look up terms in biology relating to my blogs then you would have no difficulty in making the connections between these two terms in biology to the other terms in computer science but for those of you who are unfamiliar I will give a definition. [1]

Please note that the definitions are often given to explain a word found in a particular context found in our text (Gilbert, Developmental Biology) and so may be somewhat narrowly or simply defined. [2] The definition of isomorphism varies for different types of graphs as they have different structural elements that need to be preserved. [3]

Definition: forms of the same element have same # of protons but different # of neutrons Mass Number ii. [4]

POSSIBLY USEFUL
POSSIBLY USEFUL From this brief description of the fact that carbon, which is an element that is not only present in earth but is also found throughout the cosmos, and that to form all the molecules necessary for life, that is life as we know it, there has to be energy and life, through its evolution, has utilized two sources of energy, which is sunlight as well as geochemical energy, and every biochemical reaction occurs in water in the liquid phase. [1] Carbon is one of the most important elements for terrestrial life, for without carbon’s ability to form a variety of bonds, much less the ability to cycle between earth, water, and atmosphere, then it is not likely that life could have originated and evolve. [1] The combination of being in the middle of the habitable zone, rotations that are 24 hours long, and with plate tectonics which help in the recycling of elements such as carbon dioxide together with keeping carbon dioxide away from the atmosphere, and locked up in the form of carbonate rock which sooner or later is heated to release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, all of this keeps water as a liquid, making life possible. [1]

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen are known as the main “organic” elements because they form the building blocks that make life possible. [5] The cells of living things are made mainly of four elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. They make up 96% of the atoms that are in living things, so they would be considered major chemicals. [5] For one thing, silicon is a much bigger atom than carbon and because of its size, molecules based on silicon tend to be limited in the kinds of number of elements and also there is not much variety of atoms that silicon can form. [1] Atoms of each element contain a different and defining number of protons and an equal number of electrons. [1] The nucleus of the atom contains neutrons as well as protons and different numbers of neutrons are present in different isotopes of the same element. [1] Each element has an immutable number of protons in the center of the atom which defines that particular element and, a variable number of neutrons (neutral charge) which determines the particular isotope of the element (although twenty elements have no isotopes and tin has 10). [1] Isotopes: Two or more forms of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their atomic nuclei. [1] The number of protons determines the element, but the number of neutrons in the atom of any one element can vary. [1] The mass number represents the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of the element. [1]

If major also means essential for life, then “trace elements” are very major though they make up just 0.5% of the atoms in an organism. [5] The hydrogen and oxygen in water are two of the big four elements of life, but these two serve a distinct purpose as water, compared with the purposes they serve when they are part of the carbon-containing organic molecules. [5] Water is composed of two different elements, oxygen and hydrogen. Oxygen forms two covalent bonds so it will need two electrons from two elements which are the two hydrogens and oxygen forms two bonds with hydrogen giving H_2O or more simply water but here is something about the bond with oxygen that makes the properties of water unique. [1] [xyz-ihs snippet=”Amazon-Affiliate-Native-Ads”] Carbon, can not only covalently bond to atoms like oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen but other elements like magnesium such as the magnesium that is bound to chlorophyll, which is an organic polymer responsible for photosynthesis, iron present in hemoglobin which binds to molecular oxygen in animal blood, and with phosphorous and nitrogen, the sequences of nucleotides that form DNA for coding the information for a variety of proteins, all of which are carbon based. [1] From the top to bottom the first row are the numbers 1 to 10, in the second row, the atomic numbers of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, to indicate the chemical elements that make up all earth life, the third row are the formulas of the bases that make up DNA and in the fourth row, a DNA double helix, the sixth row, a human being, the seventh row, the nine planets orbiting the sun, and the last row on the bottom, the antennae that was used to send the message. [1] In 1974, at Arecibo, Puerto Rico, home of the largest non steerable radio telescope, a message carrying basic information about earth, it location relative to the sun, the kinds of chemical elements that make up life, the DNA double helix, a human being standing upright, and the radio telescope that was used to send the message. [1]

Unlike earth, which has an active system of plate tectonics where minerals with elements needed for life, are recycled, and in order to have hydrothermal vents, there must be active plate tectonics to work. [1] The four classes of macromolecules that make life possible (protein, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids) are all made of carbon, along with the other three main organic elements. [5] If we were to analyze stars similar to the sun but we find spectral lines of certain elements that should not be there and these are elements that are radioactive such as uranium and although when on the main sequence, hydrogen is converted into helium and there is carbon which acts as a catalyst speeding up hydrogen fusion, stars that are within the sun’s mass and radius do not have enough energy to fuse helium into uranium. [1] Mercury seldom has an atmosphere albeit a very tenuous atmosphere composed of hydrogen, sodium, helium, and argon and being close to the sun, the intense thermal energy has driven these elements away from the surface. [1] In a star, the fusion of four hydrogen nuclei produces one helium nucleus while a gamma ray photon is released and it is in the core of stars that hydrogen is converted to helium but the size of the star makes an important difference in what kinds of elements are synthesized. [1] What about stars that are more massive than the sun? What is their fates? It turns out that massive stars end up producing the biogenic or life forming elements necessary for the long evolution of life. [1]

The chemical symbols example “Design elements Laboratory equipment” was created using the ConceptDraw PRO software extended with the Chemistry solution from the Science and Education area of ConceptDraw Solution Park. [1] In this kind of diagram, the molecule’s constituent elements are represented by their chemical symbols surrounded by dots representing their outer electrons. [1] The outer electron shell of an atom shell wants to be fullif you have an element with six or seven of eight places full it will want to gain one or two electrons. [1] They are composed of sub-atomic particles which are all the same from one element to another it is the atoms that are different and unique. [1]

Another cycle that is as important as water is the element carbon and like water, carbon is never stuck in one place but moves from one place to another. [1] Whether wading in the sound with collection nets, dissecting squid and using its ink, learning survival skills like making rope, or performing the classic team-building “blind walk” exercise, every element of these seventh graders’ week-long experience was used for learning. [1] Natural radioactivity is exhibited by several elements, including radium, uranium, and other members of the actinide series, and by some isotopes of lighter elements, such as carbon-14, used in radioactive dating. [1] Some radioactive isotopes also occur in elements with lower atomic numbers. [1] All elements with more than 83 protons (i.e., an atomic number greater than 83) are radioactive. [1] All of the elements heavier than bismuth (atomic number 83) are radioactive. [1] Radioactivity is the process of emission of radiation as a radioactive material changes form, often to a different element. [1] Elements are the simplest form of matter, the building blocks of all matter. [1] P A highly reactive, poisonous, nonmetallic element occurring naturally in phosphates, especially apatite, and existing in three allotropic forms, white (or sometimes yellow), red, and black (or violet). [1]

The number of non?coding clusters with one or more promoter containing a relevant ERV element according to the cell type. [1] An essential element for biological cells, it is used in safety matches, pyrotechnics, incendiary shells, and fertilizers and to protect metal surfaces from corrosion. [1] The oligo elements are indispensable to the enzymes; the enzymes are in turn responsible for the biological transmutations. (Oligo, or oligonucleotide, is a short nucleic acid polymer used in the synthesis of DNA ). [1] Previous studies showed that TFIIA can make contact with the DNA sequence upstream or downstream of the TATA-box, and that the region bound by TFIIA could overlap with the elements recognized by another factor, TFIIB, at adenovirus major late core promoter. [1] Two new studies show that RNA -binding proteins can mediate distinct and beneficial effects to cells by binding to the extensive double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) structures of inverted-repeat Alu elements (IR Alu s). [1]

This work has led us to develop sensing elements that respond to molecules such as trinitrotoluene, more commonly known as TNT, and cortisol, a human stress hormone. [1] Polar molecules are made of elements with different electronegativities, or electron attractions, meaning that one element possesses the shared electrons more often than the other. [1] A molecule has polar bonds if there is a significant difference in electronegativity between the two elements. [1] If the bonds are asymmetrical, so that the more electronegative element is on one end and the electropositive element is on the other, the molecule is polar. [1] If these elements are arranged symmetrically, so that these charges cancel one another, the molecule is non-polar. [1]

Iron found on meteorites is the same as that found here on Earth and that will hold true for all elements. [1] In 1875, Von Herzeele concluded that there was a transmutation of elements occurring when he grew plants in a well-studied medium (sic), and found discrepancies in the weights of magnesium. [1] The nuclei of elements exhibiting radioactivity are unstable and are found to be undergoing continuous disintegration (i.e., gradual breakdown). [1] Binds the sterol regulatory element 1 (SRE-1) (5-ATCACCCCAC-3) found in the flanking region of the LDRL and HMG-CoA synthase genes. [1]

Isotopes of an element may be either stable, or unstable and radioactive — radioisotopes. [1] Isotopes of all elements are referred to collectively as nuclides ; those that are radioactive, as radionuclides. [1] Where an element is referred to as radioactive, as in the paragraph above, this is intended to mean that all isotopes of the element are radioactive. [1] By 1898 Madame Curie and her husband Pierre, in collaboration with Bequerel, had isolated two new elements from the radioactive decay of uranium in pitchblende ore. [1] Another type of radioactive decay that is observed in the heaviest elements is spontaneous fission. [1] Only 75 elements had been discovered by this time, two of which, uranium and thorium, were radioactive, although this was not known. [1]

For each sample, the number of lncRNA clusters without (dark blue) and with (red) ERV/LTR elements in their promoter are shown. [1] He is an element with 15 protons, 15 electrons, and 16 neutrons. [1] According to Kervran, the lighter elements will transmute and only with elements with which they can gain or lose a proton and some combine H. So, Mg increases by Na11 + H1 which becomes Mg12. [1] It needs to be said that many scientists do not believe that the elements work this way but Professor Kervran has shown by numerous experiments that when the facts are completely explained and all arguments against are eliminated, or as Sherlock Holmes would say, “When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains must be the truth”, you find, against all preconceived notions, that elements in biological systems transmute. [1] More importantly, the content changed: writing more elaborate texts forced many story elements and biological principles to be firmly defined for the first time. [1] In my own creatures I often reduce the extravagance of such elements after the first sketch, but having looked at these daring shapes I should probably do the opposite once in a while. [1] Frdric and Irne Joliot-Curie discovered the first example of artificial radioactivity in 1934 by bombarding nonradioactive elements with alpha particles. [1] They named the first element polonium (Po) after Madame Curie’s native land ( Poland ), and the second was named radium (Ra). [1] Isolation of these two elements required chemical separation of very small amounts of Po and Ra from tons of pitchblende. [1] As soon as the element is formed, it reacts immediately with the water. [1] Energy is passed from plant to caterpillar up to bird to hawk while the elements are also passed up to the biggest predator. [1] There is a chapter on human medicine in which calcium, silica, potassium and magnesium are discussed which is worth reading in that it explains in a very rudimentary way that elements in the human body do not always act as expected. [1] If the electronegativities of both elements are very similar or the same, the bonds are non-polar. [1] An example of phosphorus is the element with the atomic number 15. [1]

Like the origin of life, the origin and evolution of life depends on the origin and evolution of earth since the biosphere depends on the geosphere ( chemical elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous from the earth’s crust), the hydrosphere ( water in liquid form) and the atmosphere (oxygen for respiration and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis), and since chemical elements cycle, this depends on energy flow which comes from the sun. [1] What is so special about carbon? From the study of chemistry and physics, carbon is one of the few naturally occurring elements that can form bonds with itself and with other chemical elements such as oxygen and nitrogen and in a variety of conditions, carbon can form many molecules including those molecules associated with life. [1] In addition to having chemical elements other than carbon as building blocks for polymers, chemical reactions that are vital to life usually takes place in a liquid state since the atoms and molecules are moving within one another, colliding with one another and reacting or in others words reactions need a solvent. [1] One such alternative form of biochemistry involves the chemical element silicon and why silicon? Like carbon, silicon can form four valent bonds or four bonds to other atoms, and that is because silicon is in the same column in the periodic table as in carbon. [1] What is has been found is that all of life is based on a chemical element which turns out to be present in the earth and even in outer space and that is the element carbon. [1] Indeed it is with spectroscopy that gives us the most powerful confirmation of that principle of science that makes astrobiology valid, the principle of mediocrity, and recall that this principles assert that everything that we observe on earth is universal and it is with spectroscopy that all the chemical elements are the same throughout the universe, including the elements carbon and oxygen, for example for they are also universal. [1] The most important factor of all are the elements themselves that are have a higher atomic number than hydrogen and these are the chemical elements themselves which are carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Where did these elements originate? The universe is composed mainly of hydrogen and helium, which were produced in the first few minutes of the Big Bang and millions of years later, all the hydrogen condensed into the first generations of stars. [1] Stars begin their conversion of matter into energy first as a large cloud of gas and dust, mainly hydrogen, helium, and a few heavy elements such as carbon and oxygen and under the pull of gravity along with another physical principle, the conservation of angular momentum were objects speed up quickly as they decrease in size. [1] The sun, like all stars, is composed of hydrogen and helium along with few heavy elements such as carbon. [1] A star that burns hydrogen into helium for 9-10 billions of years, size of a planet with a gravitational field to hold on to an atmosphere, plate tectonics that recycle greenhouse gases, and being situated within the center of a habitable zone, and more importantly, the presence of supernova for enriching the interstellar medium with heavy elements. [1] We know that the stellar atmosphere is composed of hydrogen and helium but also sodium since sunlike stars are third generation stars that have heavy elements. [1]

How can colors be used to determine the various properties of stars? Every chemical element such as hydrogen and oxygen has its own particular spectra or colors when heated in that different elements give of light of different colors or rather different frequencies, and assuming that light is a wave, each element emits colors of differing wavelengths. [1]

If there are radioactive elements present in the atmospheres of sun like stars, what could this indicate? It could indicate that the presence of radioactive elements was done as a result of an intelligence which either added these kinds of elements but another possibility is that it was done by an intelligence that likely destroyed itself in a massive nuclear holocaust, which is a rather poor way of announcing one’s presence in space. [1] That is because the emission spectra of an artificial structure will likely indicate the presence of heavy metals which are not likely to be found in the stellar atmosphere (recall my previous argument regarding the presence of radioactive elements in stellar atmospheres). [1]

Marie and Pierre Curie extended the work on radioactivity, demonstrating the radioactive properties of thorium and discovering the highly radioactive element radium in 1898. [1] The periodic table has since been expanded to 81 stable and 31 radioactive elements. [1] Chemistry solution offers 5 libraries with large collection of vector chemistry symbols and meanings, chemistry equation symbols, organic chemistry symbols, and chemical clipart: Chemical Elements Library, Chemical Drawings Library, Conformations Library, Laboratory Equipment Library, Periodic Table of Chemical Elements Library. [1] From what we now know, the same laws of physics and chemistry are universal that is the same kind of chemical elements are present throughout all of the universe and in addition through recent findings in astronomy we now know that planets are pretty common. [1]

Necessity such as the fact that certain combinations of chemical elements are more favorable than others, reactions can occur in some input of energy but not others, and also the fact that systems that do reproduce will leave descendants that are somewhat different than their parents and if one of these descendants can cope with new environmental changes better than those that do not will be favored. [1] Many of the trace elements are required by enzymes in order to make chemical reactions happen. [5] Trace elements are present at low levels in organisms and make up just 0.5% of living cells. [5] Depending on how you define major, other elements that only make up a few percent of cells can top the list. [5] Hydrogen ( 1 H) is distinct from the other elements shown in that its scattering length b is negative, and the corresponding circle is colored red to note this distinction. [1] Geraniums grown in a sand of pure silica, watered with rain or distilled water with no organic element added produce lime in addition to other elements. [1]

For the first question, there is a subfield of biology, biochemistry, which studies the chemical composition of life and how life utilizes molecules for survival. [1] Cell biology which studies cells, the fundamental unit of life and how cells can adapt, process nutrients, reproduce and flourish in whatever environmental conditions is present. [1] All of these questions are actually scientific questions and there is one field of biology or the scientific study of life that can now answer these questions and that field is astrobiology or the field of biology that studies the possibility of life in the universe. [1] Evolutionary biology and ecology which studies how life evolves and how life integrates itself with its environment and genetics or the mechanism of heredity that makes reproduction possible. [1] Tags: astrobiology, Biological Systems, evolution of life on earth, extraterrestial intelligence, general biology, life on other worlds. [1] Just like a computer has both hardware and software, the same can be argued for life and in biology there is something equivalent to hardware and software and that is the phenotype and genotype respectively. [1] To begin with and if you have read some of my blogs on evolutionary biology, and as you probably know, natural selection allows individuals in a population to survive any changes in the environment and the environment acts as the agent for selecting those individuals with the traits for survival while those without such survival conferring traits will be more likely to die and this has gone on ever since the origin of life about 3.8 billion years. [1]

For those of you who had to study biology in high school or in college, you may, no doubt, recall that the science of taxonomy or the field of biology that classifies living organisms had its modern form when Carolus Linnaes established what is called the binomial classification or that each organism, described by biology has a two part name, the species or specific epithet and the genus. [1] Notice that different fields of science can be applied to one field such as the application of chemistry and physics to biology for answering questions specific within the field of biology, a fine example of consilicience. [1] “Laboratory glassware refers to a variety of equipment, traditionally made of glass, used for scientific experiments and other work in science, especially in chemistry and biology laboratories. [1] Biology is incredibly interesting and useful natural science which studies all living things on the earth (people, animals, plants), structure, functions, interactions, evolution of living organisms. [1] To answer such a question is to require other different fields of biology such as physiology which studies life processes and genetics which studies how information in life forms are passed from one generation to another. [1] The number of conferences on epigenetics has been increasing in the past decade, underscoring the impact of the field on a variety of areas in biology and medicine. [1] The equation that I will use for the calculations, was the original form written by F. Drake in November 1961, and this depends on knowledge of astronomy, astrophysics, geology, biochemistry, biology, evolution, neurobiology, psychology, and sociology when it comes to estimating the number of communicating civilizations. [1]

In the case of biology, a sequence of bases in a DNA molecule codes for a protein molecule and suppose I were to isolate the gene from one of body cells that codes for the blood protein hemoglobin which functions to carry oxygen from my lungs to all my body cells. [1] Electrons have enjoyed the widest application in cell biology, and EM remains the single most powerful tool for studying cellular ultrastructure. [1] These experimentsperformed under biologically relevant conditionsanswer long-standing questions in membrane biology and illustrate a fundamentally new approach for systematic in vivo investigations of cell membrane structure. [1]

Both life and nonlife are subject to the same laws of physics and chemistry and to date, there is nothing found in life form that contradicts what is observed in the physical universe such as the first law of thermodynamics for it is applicable in biology as it is in physics. [1] Darwin, through his work from his book The Origin of Species, added another dimension to biology which is time, in arguing that all of species that are extant today were the descendants of past life forms, each adapted to current conditions which were different than the environments of what their ancestors were adapted to. [1] Tags: biological species, Charles Darwin, general biology, history of biology, history of evolutionary thought, Species concepts. [1] The Linnaen scheme of taxonomy may be useful for certain problems in biology such as conservation purposes or for identifying which species of plant or animal but the scheme itself reveals nothing about the history of how the species is adapted to its habitat and it was Darwin (1859) who realized that taxonomy beginning at the genus up to the family for example does reveal that various species share a common ancestor. [1] The most important concept central to evolutionary biology is the study of species or groups of organisms that are adapted to a part of the environment and it is at the level of species. [1]

In a previous blog, I have talked about certain characteristic properties that define life and here I will talk about each of them in regards to terrestrial biology ( the forms of all life on this planet) to extraterrestrial biology ( hypothetical life forms on planets even moons other than earth). [1] I did so more often when I first started blogging in April 2008, but then it was difficult to find anything about speculative biology. [1] For the second law, the processes that convert energy into useless heat, there is a name for this one way direction towards equilibrium and if you have read my blogs, or for that matter had physics courses in high school and/or college or like me, reading books about physics and biology, you will notice know the name where everything comes to a stand still, and that is entropy. [1] In biology, every living thing is dependent on other living things; organisms depend on food for metabolism and other organisms for reproduction, in the case of sexual reproduction, but even organisms that carry out asexual reproduction still depend on their environment for survival much like those that use sex for reproduction. [1]

Biology is an historical science and through natural selection, adaptation together with inheritance is what drives speciation, whether allopatric or sympatric or speciation that occurs in populations while the former depends on environment. [1] To facilitate their task of biology drawing, ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software was extended with Biology solution from the Science and Education area. [1] This incredible fact was only made possible by one invention that has become indispensable to the science of biology and that is of course the microscope. [1] It is impossible to imagine the biology science without drawings. [1] It has certain properties that make the molecule so essential to biology such as its polarity and composition. [1] In biology, there is a degree of relationships where one is dependent on the other and in ecoystems, these are the complete opposite of isolated systems for they are open systems where matter and energy flows in and flows out. [1] “As the field continues to develop, synthetic biology will enable control and processing of information, materials, energy and advances in human health/performance,” Kelley-Loughnane continued. [1] A relatively new field of study, synthetic biology is interdisciplinary combining biology and engineering. [1] Decades and many discoveries later, the same passion helped establish her as a leader in the fledgling field of synthetic biology. [1]

“If genetic sequencing is about reading DNA, and genetic engineering as we know it is about copying, cutting and pasting it, synthetic biology is about writing and programming new DNA with two main goals: create genetic machines from scratch and gain new insights about how life works,” according to an article in The Atlantic. [1] How do we marry the coming firestorm of AI with synthetic biology? There was a time when young people wanted to work on molecular biology. [1] I continued to work on cell biology combined with molecular biology, and then it expanded into what you loosely might call systems biology. [1]

Tags: information, information technology, information theory and life, molecular biology. [1] As molecular biology was maturing, so was computer science or the study of how computers use, manipulate, and store information in a sequences of zeros and ones which is how all digital computers of today function. [1] The science of molecular biology which focuses on the two most important molecules, the proteins and nucleic acids has also revealed that all of life at the cellular level, shares a common ancestry that lived around 3.8 billions of years but as time went on, different life forms became diversified and that leads us to the last question. [1] Some scientists were then beginning to realize that what could be studied in computer science can apply to molecular biology. [1]

This is true, not just in linguistics but in the field of molecular biology. [1]

We use experiment and theory, biology and physics, systems and synthetic biology to study the cell cycle, metabolic rhythms, and circadian clocks. [1]

Living matter of all kinds has a number of self-evident properties such as evolution, symbiosis and bacterial pleomorphism, sic. (Bacterial pleomorphism has had its definition changed over the last century, check wiki for more info). [1] To help you learn and understand key science terms and concepts, we?ve identified some of the most important ones and provided detailed definitions for them, written and compiled by Chegg experts. [6]

Living things would not be able to survive without trace elements. [5]

Element a h, i is therefore the number of atoms in metabolite i that are in component C ( h ). [3] Element l 1, i should correspond to the number of instances of the conserved moiety in metabolite i. [3] Elements of a moiety vector correspond to the number of instances of a conserved moiety in metabolites of a metabolic network. [3] Element l k, i of a moiety vector therefore corresponds to the number of nodes in moiety graph ? k that represent moieties in metabolite i. [3]

The nature of chemical reactions ensures that all other structural elements are preserved along with metabolic identities, including the connectivity of atoms and the number, directions and reaction identities of atom transitions. [3] This flow of electrons is invariably tied to the reaction with other redox-sensitive elements, including oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. [7] The outer electron shell of an atom shell wants to be full–if you have an element with six or seven of eight places full it will want to gain one or two electrons. [8] Therefore, there must exist a mapping from each atom in a reactant metabolite to a single atom of the same element in a product metabolite. [3] Atoms of different elements are numbered separately, in colours matching their elemental symbol. [3] They are composed of sub-atomic particles which are all the same from one element to another – it is the atoms that are different and unique. [8]

This issue of Elements highlights applications of LA-ICP-MS across the broad range of disciplines of interest to the Earth, environmental, and biological sciences that now rely on the technique and their interdisciplinary nature. [7] This issue of Elements celebrates the diverse contributions that the Earth sciences have made to characterizing, interpreting, conserving, and valorizing cultural heritage. [7] This issue of Elements explores our current knowledge of nanogeoscience using numerous examples from the “critical zone” of the Earth, as well as from the oceans and the atmosphere. [7] This issue of Elements will provide an overview of our current understanding of the distribution of PGE and their isotopes in the Earth and solar system, and what this knowledge tells us about the workings of our planet, about extraction of PGE resources, and about the environmental risks attendant on their use. [7] A review of background information on arsenic chemistry, occurrence in the Earth, production and uses, as well as its toxic properties, leads in to the other articles in this issue of Elements. [7] This issue of Elements deals with the source of the heat responsible for widespread melting and the information that can be retrieved from mineral assemblages and microstructures in lower crustal rocks. [7] This issue of Elements will highlight several key areas of high-pressure mineral physics in a form that is accessible to a broad mineralogical audience. [7] Recently we’ve noticed recombination-independent duplications that form between copies of these palindromic elements, We’ve also noticed that although these elements are found in many enteric species, particular forms appear to be species specific. [9] Duplication formation can be regulated when transcription of the element generates an R-loop, in which the element appears in the excluded sense strand of DNA. When made single stranded, palindromes can form hairpins or more complex secondary structures that are subject to cutting and initiation of duplicaiton formation. [9] The oligo elements are indispensable to the enzymes; the enzymes are in turn responsible for the biological transmutations. (Oligo, or oligonucleotide, is a short nucleic acid polymer used in the synthesis of DNA). [8] P element – mobile sequence of DNA (transposon/transposable element) found in Drosophila that can ‘hop’ in and out of fly chromosomes; can be used with transgenic techniques. [2] This issue of Elements describes how these fascinating materials occur and how they are used in all manner of applications. [7] This issue of Elements will help promote and energize this field in its early adolescence. [7] This issue of Elements will focus on several intriguing aspects of low-temperature metal stable isotope geochemistry. [7] Studies of the acquisition, mobility, and fate of elements and isotopes in water provide valuable signatures for tracking water cycles at regional and global scales and are essential for the development of remediation technologies for contaminated water. [7] In this inaugural issue of Elements, current knowledge concerning the distribution and role of water in diverse geological processes and environments is considered. [7] They affect a wide range of important environmental issues, such as the composition of natural waters, weathering and soil formation, element cycling, biomineralization (including minor-element incorporation), acid mine drainage, and nuclear waste disposal. [7] In this issue of Elements, leading scientists discuss the major concepts that underpin our current understanding of the Moon, as well as scientific plans for international scientific exploration by robotic and human missions. [7] This issue of Elements describes new observations about a metal that has fascinated humans since early times. [7] This issue of Elements describes some of these findings and provides examples of how they can be applied to teaching mineralogy, petrology, and geochemistry. [7] This issue of Elements focuses on the geochemistry of sulfur in high-temperature, low- temperature, and biogenically mediated processes over a wide range of scales, environments, and time intervals. [7] One year after the tragedy at Fukushima, this issue of Elements provides a summary of what is known about the environmental impact of this nuclear accident. [7] These recent advances constitute the central theme of this issue of Elements. [7]

To identify all conserved moieties in DAS we require an atom transition network for all atoms regardless of element but for demonstration purposes we will initially focus only on carbon atoms. [3] Four additional moieties were identified by analysis of an atom transition network for DAS that included all atoms regardless of element. [3]

Phosphorus is a unique element: it is essential to the existence of all living forms, and as such controls biological productivity in many terrestrial and marine environments; but when in excess, it leads to uncontrollable biological growth and water-quality problems. [7] PhyloXML provides elements for commonly used features, such as taxonomic information, gene names and identifiers, branch lengths, support values, and gene duplication and speciation events. [10] Each row of S represents a metabolite and each column a reaction such that element S ij is the stoichiometric coefficient of metabolite i in reaction j. [3] The rapid development and implementation of innovative and green technologies in the past decade have resulted in greatly increased demand for rare earth elements (REE). [7] Despite the bulk silicate Earth only containing 250 parts per million of sulfur, sulfide minerals and liquids have a powerful impact on the behavior and fractionation of a wide range of elements in the Earth?s crust and underlying mantle. [7] Despite the inability of these elements to transposose, their sequences and positions appear to be maintained by purifying selection, suggesting that they play a valuable role in cell function. [9] There are two radioactive decay series involving PGE, which combine both lithophile and chalcophile characteristics in various parent or daughter elements. [7] They are important as reservoirs of water in the deep mantle and in the recycling of elements in subduction zones. [7] The resulting composite elements are found in virtually all isolates of Salmonella but in no isolate of its closest relative, E. coli. [9] Two properties are shared by all of these elements they are palindromic and are usually found within transcribed regions of the genome. [9]

Nitrogen is the most abundant element in Earth?s atmosphere and a key component of the biosphere. [7] During the past decade it has been recognized that the stable isotope compositions of several metallic elements vary significantly in nature due to both biotic and abiotic processing. [7] We chose to minimise the sum of elements in x k but other objectives would also work. [3] This work combines elements of biochemistry, linear algebra and graph theory. [3]

Examples include yeast Ty elements, Drosophila copia elements, and human LINE1 elements (which comprise 17% of the human genome). [2] All hydrogen atoms were explicitly represented to obtain mappings for hydrogen atoms in addition to other elements. [3]

Despite what early mineralogists may have thought of its “deceptive” nature, over the next two centuries apatite was gradually recognized to be the most common phosphate mineral in the Earth?s crust and lithospheric mantle where it subsequently acts as a major reservoir for P, F, Cl, OH, CO2, and many trace elements including the rare earths. [7]

This issue is devoted to some of the most exciting recent developments in mineral magnetism and their applications to Earth and environmental sciences, astrophysics, and biology. [7] One of the best-known taxonomies is the one devised by the Swedish scientist, Carl Linnaeus, whose classification for biology is still widely used — with modifications. [11] These studies combine mineralogy and geochemistry with disciplines as diverse as meteoritics, atmospheric physics, and biology. [7] Hucka M, Finney A, Sauro HM, Bolouri H, Doyle JC, Kitano H, et al. The systems biology markup language (SBML): a medium for representation and exchange of biochemical network models. [3]

Dideoxynucleotides are used in molecular biology for Sanger-type DNA sequencing, and in medicine as anti-retroviral drugs for the treatment of HIV infection (e.g., ddI, ddC, and AZT). [2]

Formal definitions of linear algebra and graph theory terms used or introduced in this work. [3] Our working definition of a conserved moiety is a group of atoms that follow identical paths through a metabolic network. [3] We note that our definition of isomorphism only allows mappings between atoms with the same metabolic identity. [3]

How do these rocks form and where do we find them? What tectonic secrets do they reveal? Much has been learned since the first Penrose definition of an ophiolite. [7] We provided a novel definition of isomorphism that is specific to the structure of atom transition networks. [3] We can now make this definition exact by relating moiety vectors to moiety graphs. [3] It does not meet the definition of a nondecomposable moiety vector in Eq 4. [3]

RANKED SELECTED SOURCES
(11 source documents arranged by frequency of occurrence in the above report)

1. (141) Element Biology Definition — Boston Commons High Tech Network

2. (31) Elements Magazine Past Issues | Mineralogy, Geochemistry & Petrology

3. (21) Identification of Conserved Moieties in Metabolic Networks by Graph Theoretical Analysis of Atom Transition Networks

4. (9) What Are the Major Chemical Elements Found in Cells in Biology? | Sciencing

5. (5) John Roth | College of Biological Sciences

6. (4) Developmental Biology Glossary

7. (3) Biological Transmutations | Bionutrient Food Association

8. (1) phyloXML | XML for evolutionary biology and comparative genomics

9. (1) What is taxonomy? – Definition from WhatIs.com

10. (1) Why Study Chemistry in Biology? – ppt download

11. (1) Definition of Formed Elements In The Blood | Chegg.com

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